Insecurity-Driven Agricultural Productivity Losses in Benue State: Implications for Food and Energy Security

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Korie,M.(2025)Insecurity-Driven Agricultural Productivity Losses in Benue State: Implications for Food and Energy Security

Journal of Connected Knowledge, Vol. [1], Issue 6

Abstract

Benue State, long regarded as Nigeria’s “Food Basket,” is experiencing a severe agricultural paradox where its vast arable land and agrarian population are undermined by pervasive insecurity. This article investigates the multifaceted impacts of persistent conflict—primarily farmer-herder clashes—on agricultural productivity and its subsequent ramifications for food and energy security. Leveraging empirical data indicating that a sustained state of insecurity correlates with approximately a 0.21% reduction in crop output and a 0.31% loss in livestock productivity, this study synthesizes evidence from a wide range of sources to analyze the causal chain linking conflict to economic instability. The findings reveal that insecurity acts as a primary driver of agricultural decline by displacing farming communities, increasing production risks, and severing market supply chains. These productivity losses directly fuel food inflation, deepen rural poverty, and compound energy poverty by hindering access to biomass and investment in rural energy infrastructure. The study concludes by proposing a tripartite policy solution centered on: (1) establishing integrated community-based security frameworks, (2) developing modern grazing reserves as a sustainable alternative to open grazing, and (3) prioritizing rural electrification to unlock agricultural potential and enhance community resilience.

Keywords: Agricultural Productivity, Insecurity, Food Security, Energy Security, Farmer-Herder Conflict, Benue State, Rural Development.

1. Introduction

Benue State in Nigeria’s North-Central geopolitical zone has a reputation as the nation’s agrarian hub, with over 70% of its population engaged in agriculture (NBS, 2022). The state’s fertile plains are crucial for the national supply of yams, soybeans, rice, and a variety of other staple crops (CBN, 2021). However, this agricultural engine is sputtering under the weight of relentless insecurity. For over a decade, the state has been an epicenter of violent conflicts, most notably between nomadic pastoralists and sedentary farming communities (ICG, 2018). These clashes, rooted in disputes over land and water resources, have escalated from localized skirmishes into a full-blown crisis, displacing millions and leaving a trail of economic devastation (UNHCR, 2023).

The economic consequences of this violence are stark. Agricultural activities are frequently abandoned as farmers fear for their lives, leading to uncultivated lands and neglected livestock (FAO, 2022). The direct impact on productivity is significant. Empirical analyses from conflict zones in the region suggest that prevailing insecurity is directly responsible for substantial output reductions, with crop yields diminishing by an estimated 0.21% and livestock productivity falling by 0.31% for every unit increase in conflict intensity (Adebayo & Adewale, 2021; similar to findings in arxiv.org). These figures, while seemingly modest, represent immense losses when aggregated across thousands of households in a state where agriculture forms the bedrock of the economy.

This paper argues that the agricultural decline in Benue State is not merely a local issue but a threat to national stability with profound implications for both food and energy security. By synthesizing data from academic literature, government reports, and development agencies, this article undertakes a content analysis to:

  1. Quantify and contextualize the impact of insecurity on crop and livestock production.
  2. Trace the cascading effects of these losses on food inflation, rural poverty, and supply chain integrity.
  3. Explore the often-overlooked nexus between agricultural decline and energy poverty.
  4. Propose an integrated policy framework to address these interconnected challenges.

2. Content Analysis: The Nexus of Insecurity, Agriculture, and Security

2.1. The Anatomy of Insecurity in Benue State

The primary driver of insecurity in Benue State is the protracted farmer-herder conflict (Audu, 2019). While often framed as an ethnic or religious clash, its fundamental cause is ecological and economic (Adelakun, 2020). Climate change, desertification in the north, and population growth have forced pastoralists southward in search of pasture and water, leading to encroachment on farmlands (Okpara et al., 2017). This competition over scarce resources is exacerbated by the breakdown of traditional conflict-resolution mechanisms, the proliferation of small arms, and perceived government inaction or bias (Amnesty International, 2018; Eke, 2022). The state government’s implementation of the Anti-Open Grazing Prohibition and Ranches Establishment Law in 2017, while intended to curb the crisis, has been a major point of contention, leading to violent enforcement and retaliatory attacks (Azaigba, 2019). The result is a climate of fear that paralyzes the rural economy (Ochonu, 2020).

2.2. Quantifying Agricultural Productivity Losses

The impact of this insecurity on agriculture manifests in several ways. The most immediate is the displacement of farmers, creating a large population of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) who are unable to cultivate their lands (IOM, 2023). Farmers who remain often delay planting, avoid distant fields, or are unable to apply necessary inputs like fertilizers and pesticides, leading to reduced yields (Odozi, 2019). A study by Ugwuja et al. (2020) found that rice farmers in conflict-prone areas of Benue experienced a 40% reduction in output compared to their counterparts in peaceful areas.

In the livestock sector, the losses are equally severe. Pastoralists lose cattle to rustling and retaliatory attacks, while farmers’ smaller livestock (goats, poultry) are often looted or killed during raids (Ajibo et al., 2018). The 0.31% productivity loss figure encapsulates mortality, reduced weight gain due to stress and poor grazing, and forced, premature sales at below-market prices (Bello & Oyekale, 2021). This systematic erosion of agricultural assets traps households in a cycle of poverty and vulnerability (World Bank, 2021).

2.3. Ramifications for Food Security and Inflation

The decline in agricultural output in Nigeria’s “Food Basket” has direct and severe consequences for national food security. Benue State is a major supplier of staples to markets across Nigeria. When its production falters, the ripple effects are felt nationwide in the form of food supply shortages and price hikes (NBS, 2023). This food inflation disproportionately affects the urban poor and rural households who are net food buyers (Philip et al., 2020).

Furthermore, insecurity cripples food supply chains. Key transportation routes become high-risk, leading to increased haulage costs, which are passed on to consumers (Atel & Atel, 2021). Post-harvest losses, already high in Nigeria, are exacerbated as farmers are unable to transport their produce to market or to storage facilities in a timely manner (Ikuenomore & Osemwowa, 2020). The breakdown of trust between communities also disrupts local markets, which are vital for rural livelihoods (Adeniyi, 2019).

2.4. The Underestimated Link to Energy Security

The connection between agrarian conflict and energy security is a critical but often overlooked dimension of the crisis. In rural Benue, like much of sub-Saharan Africa, energy poverty is rampant. The primary energy source for cooking and small-scale agro-processing is traditional biomass, such as firewood and agricultural residue (corn stalks, rice husks) (IEA, 2022).

Insecurity impacts this energy supply in two ways:

  1. Reduced Biomass Availability: Lower crop yields mean less agricultural residue is available for fuel (Akpoko, 2018). Furthermore, venturing into forests or distant fields to gather firewood becomes a life-threatening activity, forcing households to either travel further or purchase expensive, often unsustainably sourced charcoal (Umar, 2020).
  2. Inhibited Investment in Modern Energy: The climate of instability deters investment in desperately needed rural energy infrastructure. Decentralized renewable energy solutions, such as solar-powered irrigation pumps, processing mills, and cold storage facilities, have the potential to transform agricultural productivity (IRENA, 2020). However, the risk of assets being destroyed or stolen in conflict zones makes such investments untenable for both private investors and development organizations (Simonyan & Sanni, 2019). This traps communities in a low-productivity, high-loss agricultural model, reinforcing the very poverty that can fuel conflict.

3. Policy Recommendations: An Integrated Path to Recovery

Addressing the complex challenges facing Benue State requires a holistic approach that moves beyond reactive security operations. The following tripartite strategy addresses the root causes and consequences of the crisis.

3.1. Integrated Community-Based Security

A sustainable security architecture must be built from the ground up. This involves establishing and empowering community-based security committees comprising representatives from farming and pastoralist communities, traditional rulers, and local government officials (Dike, 2021). These committees would be tasked with intelligence gathering, facilitating dialogue, and mediating low-level disputes before they escalate. They should be supported by formal security agencies to operate an early warning and rapid response system (EWRRS) to pre-empt attacks (Hassan, 2020). This fosters local ownership of the peace process and rebuilds inter-communal trust.

3.2. Grazing Reserves and Livestock Modernization

The nomadic pastoralism model is increasingly unsustainable in the face of modern demographic and ecological pressures (Adeoye, 2017). The federal and state governments must accelerate the implementation of the National Livestock Transformation Plan (NLTP), with a clear focus on establishing well-managed grazing reserves or ranches (FGON, 2019). These are not mere grazing plots but integrated economic zones. To be successful, these reserves must include:

  • Access to land, water, and high-quality pasture.
  • Veterinary services and breeding programs.
  • Feed mills and market outlets for meat and dairy products.

By transitioning from open grazing to ranching, conflict over resources is drastically reduced, and livestock productivity can be significantly enhanced through modern techniques (Muhammad et al., 2021).

3.3. Rural Electrification as a Development Catalyst

Energy is a cross-cutting enabler of development. A deliberate policy of rural electrification, focusing on renewable mini-grids and standalone solar systems, can break the cycle of poverty and conflict. Access to electricity would:

  • Power solar irrigation systems, allowing for year-round farming and reducing dependency on rain-fed agriculture.
  • Enable agro-processing (e.g., milling, drying, packaging), adding value to farm produce and reducing post-harvest losses.
  • Support cold storage facilities, preserving perishable goods and giving farmers more control over market timing.
  • Create non-farm employment opportunities, diversifying rural economies and reducing the pool of idle youth vulnerable to recruitment into armed groups (Oseni, 2018).

Investing in rural energy is investing in peace and productivity. It provides alternative livelihoods and reduces the zero-sum competition for land and water that fuels conflict.

4. Conclusion

The crisis in Benue State is a tragic illustration of how insecurity can dismantle a region’s economic foundation. The quantifiable losses in crop and livestock productivity are not just statistics; they represent a deepening catastrophe for millions of people, with severe implications for Nigeria’s food and energy security. The persistent violence has triggered a vicious cycle of displacement, poverty, and resource scarcity, which in turn fuels further conflict. Breaking this cycle demands more than just military intervention. It requires a visionary and integrated strategy that simultaneously restores security, modernizes agriculture, and delivers essential infrastructure. By embracing community-led security, transitioning to modern ranching, and strategically deploying rural electrification, Benue State can reclaim its title as the “Food Basket” of Nigeria and build a more peaceful and prosperous future.

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